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        Release: <span class="version-num">1.3.6</span>


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    <h1>SQLAlchemy 1.3 Documentation</h1>

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<li class="selected"><span class="link-container"><strong>SQLAlchemy ORM</strong><a class="paramlink headerlink reference internal" href="#">¶</a></span><ul>
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<div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-orm">
<span id="orm-toplevel"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy ORM<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-orm" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Here, the Object Relational Mapper is introduced and fully described. If you
want to work with higher-level SQL which is constructed automatically for you,
as well as automated persistence of Python objects, proceed first to the
tutorial.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">Object Relational Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#declare-a-mapping">Declare a Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#create-a-schema">Create a Schema</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#create-an-instance-of-the-mapped-class">Create an Instance of the Mapped Class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#creating-a-session">Creating a Session</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#adding-and-updating-objects">Adding and Updating Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#rolling-back">Rolling Back</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#querying">Querying</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#building-a-relationship">Building a Relationship</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#working-with-related-objects">Working with Related Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#querying-with-joins">Querying with Joins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#eager-loading">Eager Loading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#deleting">Deleting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#building-a-many-to-many-relationship">Building a Many To Many Relationship</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mapper_config.html">Mapper Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mapping_styles.html">Types of Mappings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="scalar_mapping.html">Mapping Columns and Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inheritance.html">Mapping Class Inheritance Hierarchies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nonstandard_mappings.html">Non-Traditional Mappings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="versioning.html">Configuring a Version Counter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mapping_api.html">Class Mapping API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="relationships.html">Relationship Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="basic_relationships.html">Basic Relationship Patterns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="self_referential.html">Adjacency List Relationships</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="backref.html">Linking Relationships with Backref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="join_conditions.html">Configuring how Relationship Joins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html">Collection Configuration and Techniques</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="relationship_persistence.html">Special Relationship Persistence Patterns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="relationship_api.html">Relationships API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="session.html">Using the Session</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session_state_management.html">State Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cascades.html">Cascades</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session_transaction.html">Transactions and Connection Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence_techniques.html">Additional Persistence Techniques</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextual.html">Contextual/Thread-local Sessions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session_events.html">Tracking Object and Session Changes with Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="session_api.html">Session API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html">Events and Internals</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html">ORM Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="internals.html">ORM Internals</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/index.html">ORM Extensions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/associationproxy.html">Association Proxy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/automap.html">Automap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/baked.html">Baked Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/declarative/index.html">Declarative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/mutable.html">Mutation Tracking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/orderinglist.html">Ordering List</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/horizontal_shard.html">Horizontal Sharding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/hybrid.html">Hybrid Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/indexable.html">Indexable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extensions/instrumentation.html">Alternate Class Instrumentation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">ORM Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mapping-recipes">Mapping Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#inheritance-mapping-recipes">Inheritance Mapping Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#special-apis">Special APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#extending-the-orm">Extending the ORM</a></li>
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